What you need to know about the HMPV outbreak in China
China is experiencing a significant rise in cases of human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a respiratory virus causing symptoms similar to the common cold or influenza.
The outbreak has sparked concerns, with reports of overcrowded hospitals, new monitoring measures and public unease.
While authorities have downplayed the situation as a seasonal trend, the growing number of cases, especially among children, has drawn international attention.
What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus first identified in 2001. It belongs to the same family of viruses as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza, and it primarily spreads through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated surfaces.
Symptoms and risks
HMPV typically causes mild, cold-like symptoms such as:
- Cough.
- Fever.
- Nasal congestion.
- Fatigue
In most cases, individuals recover within a few days. However, for certain populations— such as infants, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems — HMPV can lead to severe complications like pneumonia or bronchitis.
Unlike Covid-19, there is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for HMPV. Treatment focuses on symptom management, such as staying hydrated, resting and using over-the-counter medications for fever or congestion.
Why is HMPV surging in China?
Reports from northern Chinese provinces suggest that the virus is disproportionately affecting children under 14 this winter. While HMPV is not new, its surge in cases has drawn comparisons to the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Social media and news reports show photos and videos of masked individuals in crowded hospitals circulating on social media have heightened public anxiety.
Chinese health authorities have stated that this rise in respiratory infections is part of an annual winter pattern.
According to Mao Ning, a spokesperson for China’s foreign ministry, the illnesses appear less severe and widespread than last year. However, the spike has prompted enhanced monitoring and reporting of pneumonia cases of unknown origin.
Possible contributing factors
Increased vulnerability post-pandemic: Covid-19 restrictions, such as mask-wearing and social distancing, may have reduced exposure to common viruses like HMPV in previous years. Now, with fewer restrictions in place, populations may be experiencing a resurgence of such illnesses.
Seasonal trends: Respiratory viruses typically peak in colder months due to factors like increased indoor crowding and weakened immune responses during winter.
Focus on children: The virus is particularly prevalent among children, whose immune systems may still be developing or recovering from other infections.
Global reaction and monitoring
The outbreak has not gone unnoticed globally. Countries such as South Africa are closely monitoring the situation.
Foster Mohale, a spokesperson for South Africa’s Department of Health, stressed the importance of routine surveillance and public health communication.
“We’re closely monitoring the situation in China using our event-based surveillance and continually looking for updates,” Mohale told TimesLIVE.
He reassured the public, stating there was no need for panic but stressed the importance of staying informed.
How does HMPV compare to other viruses?
HMPV v Covid-19
While Covid-19 caused a global pandemic, HMPV is generally less severe. Its symptoms are milder, and it does not spread as rapidly or widely as Covid-19.
Importantly, HMPV lacks the same level of fatality or severe complications seen in Covid-19 cases.
One key difference is the absence of a vaccine for HMPV. For Covid-19, vaccines and antiviral treatments have significantly reduced the severity and spread of the virus.
HMPV v Influenza
HMPV and influenza share similar symptoms, but influenza tends to cause more severe illness in healthy individuals. Additionally, annual flu vaccines are available, which help curb the spread of influenza, unlike HMPV.
What can you do to stay safe?
While there’s no vaccine for HMPV, there are several preventative measures you can take to reduce your risk of infection:
1. Wash your hands frequently: Proper hand hygiene is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses.
2. Wear a mask: Masks can help reduce transmission, especially in crowded or poorly ventilated spaces.
3. Avoid close contact with sick people: If someone around you is showing symptoms of illness, maintain distance where possible.
4. Disinfect surfaces: Regularly clean high-touch surfaces like doorknobs, phones, and keyboards.
5. Boost your immune system: Eating a balanced diet, staying hydrated, and getting enough sleep can help strengthen your body’s defences.
Mohale noted: “We will continue our routine surveillance and public health communications, and act on any new information or alerts.”
Vigilance and precaution remain key as health authorities monitor the situation.